Complete Study Notes on “History of the Marathas’ for Various Competitive Exam
History of the Marathas
During the 17th and 18th centuries, the Maratha Empire dominated a large portion of India. Maratha Confederacy is also a popular name for this empire. Marathi-speaking warrior groups were known as Marathas. Now, this group of people are those who live in the state of Maharashtra. ‘Mara’ is the word from where the word ‘Maratha’ came. And, the meaning of ‘Mara’ is a horseman or a fighter, or an archer. The Marathas are basically famous for their battle skills. These warriors were actively controlling large areas of India during the time of the 16th and 17th centuries.
Maratha Empire
In the year 1674, the Maratha Empire was founded. Shivaji Bhosale was the one who did this and defeated many Mughal rulers. He was also known for self-rule among the Hindus. He successfully conquered many forts as he was a great military leader. Those forts which did not have weapons, or wealth and which did not belong to the enemy were never attacked by the Shivaji Bhosale. At Raigad, the capital of the Maratha Empire is present. The year of1657 was the start of Shivaji’s conflicts with the Mughals. An armed force was gathered by Shivaji to solve the issues with rulers and Mughals were also included in those rulers. Later, the ruler of the Maratha kingdom was declared which was Shivaji and this happened on June 6, 1674. This took place because Shivaji’s aim was to establish and expand a Hindu state in the subcontinent. Then, the nearby territories like Karwar, Ponda, Athani, and Kolhapur were captured by Shivaji within two years. In the year 1677, the forts of Gingee and Vellore were seized by him. After the demise of Shivaji, His son Sambhaji take over the Maratha Empire. Then, various rulers like Sambhaji’s half-brother Rajaram, Rajaram’s widow Tarabai, and Sambhaji’s son Shahu continued ruling the Maratha Empire.
Maratha Empire Founder
The founder of the Maratha Empire was Shivaji Bhosale in India. He was famous as Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj who was born in the year 1627. During his childhood days, his legs were slightly lame as he suffered from a disease. He participated in the battle against the army of the Bijapur sultanate at the early age of 16. Also, the three villages Pratapgad, Rajgad, and Raigad were taken by Shivaji Bhosale from Muslim rulers. Every soldiers were called as soldiers or ‘Swarajya’ as he established a code of conduct for them.
Ashtapradhan or Administration
Shivaji Bhosale formed the Ashtapradhan which was an Administrative system. This system includes a council of eight ministers. Where the eight ministers include:
- Peshwa- Prime Minister
- Amatya- Finance Minister
- Sachiv- Secretary
- Mantri- Interior Minister
- Senapati- Commander-in-Cheif
- Sumant- Foreign Minister
- Nyayadhyaksh- Chief Justice
- Panditrao- High Priest
There were many abolished like the Ryotwari System and the Jagirdari System by Shivaji to improve the revenue of the empire. The Marathas were also intelligent as they were aware of the use of various weapons like muskets, daggers, cannons, spears, and others. They even selected light cavalry as they knew the hilly nature of their territory. This was brave because it proved beneficial at the time of their battle against the Mughals.
Peshwas during the Maratha Empire
During the Marathas Empire, a successor of the Shivaji and the prime ministers were Peshwas. The king was getting help from these Peshwas in social and political affairs. MoropantiPingli was appointed as the first Peshwa of the empire by Shivaji. After that, Shivaji appointed Balaji Biswanath Bhat as the second Peshwa. The MMaratha’saccess to the navy was a brilliant strategy of Balaji Vishwanath in 1714. After this success, the Marathas felt confident to march toward Delhi also because the army of the Marathas was also growing. And, the Mughal governor Sayyid Hussain Ali was defeated by the Marathas at this time. This made the Mughal empire weakened. After Balaji Vishwanath’s demise, his son Baji Rao continued as the new Peshwa of the empire. From 1720 to 1740, Baji Rao expanded the rest of the empire where he led battles for more than 40. Some winning of his are the ‘Battle of Palkhed’ in 1728. ‘Battle of Delhi’ in 1737 and ‘Battle of Bhopal’ in 1737. When Baji Rao was no more alive, his son Balaji Baji Rao who was 19 years old was appointed as the new Peshwa by Shahu. Then, Raghiji was the main reason for the empire’s impressive expansion. After this, a series of six expeditions into Bengal was started by Raghoji I Bhosale. The Maratha empire which was already gaining flourishing wealth was increased then because Alivardi Khan who was the Nawab of Bengal agreed to give 1.2 million rupees as an annual tax. On May 8 1758, the Marathas captured Peshawar which contributed to their prominent figures in the north. During 1760, a territory of more than 2.5 million square km acres was under the Maratha empire.
Maratha Empire Fall
The British East India Company was now looking for the northern territory of India. Marathas were largely controlling this area of India. This was happening after defeating the Nawab of Bengal. Later, the English forces defeated the Marathas in the ‘Battle of Delhi in the year 1803. From 1803-1805 the ‘Second Anglo-Maratha War’ happened which was led by British forces Arthur Wellesley and defeated the Marathas. This ended with a rise in the number of territories in favor of the British. In the end, the British defeated Peshwa Baji Rao II during the ‘Third Anglo-Maratha War’. This marked the end of the Maratha rule.
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