Economic Geography of Maharashtra | MPSC Notes |
Maharashtra is the third largest state of India in terms of geographical area. Its total area is 3,07,713 km2. It covers the area of Western ghats and Deccan plateau. It shares its boundary with 6 States and one union territory. It has the Arabian Sea on its west, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh on its north, Karnataka and Goa located on its south, and Telangana and Chhattisgarh forming its eastern borders. It has a coastline of about 720 km on the Arabian sea. It is one of the highest contributing States in Indian GDP. It has a share of 14% in the total nominal GDP of India. Because of this huge contribution in Indian GDP Maharashtra is also known as the powerhouse of the Indian economy. In 2022-23 the GDP of Maharashtra grew at 6.8% and the total GSDP(Gross State domestic product) is expected to be 35.27 lakh crore rupees. Maharashtra ranks 5th highest state in terms of per capita income and the total per capita income is expected to be 2.42 per annum.
Major economics sectors in Maharashtra are-
- Agriculture and allied sectors
- Manufacturing sector
- Service sector
- Mines and minerals
- Automobile industry
Agriculture and allied sectors-
As per economics survey of Maharashtra 2020-21 the total share of agriculture and allied sectors in Maharashtra’s economy is 11.9%. The total Agriculture area of Maharashtra is 307.5 lakh hectares. Whereas the net sown area is 167.22 lakh hectares. It has 9 agro climatic zones. Various types of soils found in Maharashtra are Black soil, laterite soil, alluvial soil, red soil and marshy or peaty soil. More than ¾ of the state has black soil. Most of the soil in the state comes under alkaline soil category and deficiency of zinc is also observed in the 50% of the state. It has a tropical monsoon climate with seasonal rainfall. The agriculture in Maharashtra is mostly dependent on monsoon. Nearly 82% of the rural population of Maharashtra is dependent on agriculture.
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Major agricultural products of Maharashtra-
- Some major food crops grown in Maharashtra are wheat, rice, bajra, pulses etc, horticultural crops like mangoes, grapes, bananas, oranges, and famous commercial crops grown here are cotton, groundnut, sugarcane, turmeric, tobacco etc.
- Maharashtra was also the first state to adopt dryland farming in India.
- Maharashtra is also the leading state in floriculture production and exports from India. Some primary flowers grown here are rose, chrysanthemum, marigold, jasmine etc. lilies, zinnia, gerberas are some non-traditional flowers grown here. Pune, Satara, Kolhapur and Nashik are major floriculture centres in the state.
- 70% landholdings in Maharashtra are of small and marginal farmers land holdings category.
- Maharashtra has three mega food parks- Paithan Mega Food Park in Aurangabad district, Satara Mega Food Park in Satara district and Wardha mega food park in Wardha district.
- Thane, Mumbai, Raigad, Ratnagiri, and Sindhudurg are the famous fisheries production centre in the state. Maharashtra ranks 7th in the total fish production in India and contributes only 5% in overall fish production. It has a huge untapped potential in the fishing sector. Presently marine fishing accounts for 82% and inland fisheries account for 18% of the total fish production.
- Maharashtra accounts for 98% of the total grape exports from India and major grape producing districts in Maharashtra are Nashik, Sangli, Solapur, Pune, Ahmednagar, Satara and Osmanabad.
- The overall agricultural exports from Maharashtra has increased in recent years and from the last three years it is the top vegetable, fruit and flowers exporting state in India.
Mines and Mineral production-
Major minerals produced in Maharashtra are manganese, iron ore, bauxite, dolomite, chromite, kyanite, silica sand, sillimanite, limestone etc. The mineral bearing regions of Maharashtra are Vidarbha region and Konkan area. According to the state government, minerals worth 16,036 crore were extracted in 2022-23. The mineral bearing regions of Maharashtra are Vidarbha region and Konkan area.
Coal- Wardha, Chandrapur, Yavatmal and Nagpur district in Maharashtra has coal reserves. Most of the coal deposits of Maharashtra are of tertiary period. It has more moisture content and less carbon content. Kamptee coalfields and Wardha valley coalfields are two famous coalfields of Maharashtra.
Manganese- 25% of the total manganese production in India comes from Maharashtra. In Maharashtra manganese ore is found in Nagpur and Bhandara districts. It is found in the Sausar belt of palaeoproterozoic geological age.
Bauxite- bauxite is the principal aluminum producing ore. In Maharashtra it is found in Kolhapur, Ratnagiri, Raigarh, Satara, and Thane district. It is found in laterite rocks of Konkan region. Maharashtra contributes about 5% in the total bauxite ore production of India.
Kyanite-sillimanite ore- it is an ore of aluminium and silicon with different physical and chemical properties. It is found in Bhandara and Gondia districts of Maharashtra.
Energy resources of Maharashtra
Maharashtra is the second largest energy producing state in India next to Gujarat. It is also the fifth largest producer of renewable energy in India. The total installed power generation capacity of Maharashtra is 42.3 giga watts. It is a power surplus state. It is a leading state in both renewable and nonrenewable energy generation.
The non-renewable energy resources of Maharashtra coal, petroleum, natural gas and nuclear power. Whereas the renewable sources of energy in Maharashtra are hydroelectricity, wind energy, geothermal energy, biomass energy, tidal energy etc.
Hydroelectricity-
Some major hydroelectric projects in Maharashtra are-
- Bhira hydroelectric project on kundalika river.
- Dhom dam on wai Krishna river.
- Dhimbe dam on Ghod river
- Jayakawadi dam on Godavari river in Aurangabad district.
- Koyna hydroelectric project on koyna river in Satara district
- Ujjani dam on Bhima river
Wind energy –
Maharashtra is the third largest wind energy producing state in India only after Tamilnadu and Gujarat. The total installed wind capacity of the state is 4789 megawatt. Welturi, Jath, Sangli, Vaspet, Satara, Dhule, Thoseghar and Ahmednagar are the major wind energy producing districts in Maharashtra.
Coal energy- Chandrapur super thermal Power station (Chandrapur), Bhusawal thermal power station, Parli thermal power station (Jalgaon), Nashik thermal power station, koradi thermal power station (Nagpur), Paras thermal power station (Akola) etc are some of the coal based thermal power stations located in Maharashtra.
Solar energy-
Various solar power plants are also being developed in Maharashtra under thermal and renewable energy binding policy, Prime minister’s solar krishi Vahini Yojana, and the central government solar Park scheme. Some major solar power plants are located in Baramati, Chandrapur, Dhule, Amravati, Ahmednagar etc.
Manufacturing industries in Maharashtra-
Maharashtra is a major manufacturing hub of pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, heavy chemicals, electronics, automobiles, food processing, heavy machinery, plastic etc. It is one of the major manufacturing hubs in the country. Some famous industrial centers in Maharashtra are Nagpur industrial area, Chandrapur industrial area, Pune industrial area, Latur industrial area, Thane industrial area, Nashik industrial area etc.
- The auto industry of Maharashtra is one of the largest in India. It accounts for about 33% of the total automobile output in the country in terms of value. Pune is the largest automobile hub in India and is home to industries like tata motors, mahindra and mahindra, bajaj auto etc and some international companies like GM, Volkswagen, Mercedes etc.
- Petrochemical industries are usually located near oil refineries as the required naptha and benzene for their operations. Products like plastics, solvents, drugs, pesticides, fertilizers, explosives, rubber paint, epoxy resins, synthetic fibers etc are produced. Various petrochemical industries are located in Ratnagiri and Nagothane town in Maharashtra.
- Maharashtra also has three special economic zones. They are Santacruz Electronics Export Processing Zone, Navi Mumbai Special Economic Zone and Maha Mumbai Special Economic Zone.
Service Sector in Maharashtra
Service sector is the major driver of economic growth in Maharashtra. As of 2022 the service sector in Maharashtra is expected to grow at the rate of 13.5%. It includes information and technology services, software industry, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, fintech services, electric vehicles technology etc. Tourism industry is also a major contributor in the economy of Maharashtra. It accounts for nearly 9% in the total economy of Maharashtra. Famous architectural heritage sites are located in Maharashtra like elephanta caves, Ajanta and ellora caves, lohagad fort, raigad fort, jaigad fort, aga Khan palace etc. Sites of religious importance like Trimbakeshwar temple, statue of lord Rishabhnath, Nashik sangam etc. Maharashtra receives the second highest number of tourists in India.
37 public IT parks are also being developed in Maharashtra bhai Maharashtra industrial Development Corporation, CIDCO and software technology parks with investment of about 18000 crore.
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Ports and international trade-
There are two Major ports located in Maharashtra. They are Mumbai port and Jawaharlal Nehru port. The 13th major port of India is also proposed to be constructed in Maharashtra. It is known as Vadhwan port. It has about 48 minor ports also on the Western coast of India. Mumbai port is the largest port in India in terms of its size and cargo handling capacity. The major products which are exported through Mumbai are agricultural products like wheat, soybean meal, sugar, rice, maize etc. And the products imported are oil and mineral products, jewelry and precious metals, electrical machinery, nuclear fuel, organic chemicals etc. Mumbai port is strategically located in the Arabian sea and it provides connectivity with the major shipping lanes of the world.
Maharashtra has three international airports and seven domestic airports. The International airports are the Pune airport, the Chhatrapati Shivaji International Maharaj airport also known as Mumbai airport and the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International airport in Nagpur. A new international airport is also being constructed in Navi Mumbai.
17 national highways pass through Maharashtra. It provides best connectivity with quotes and major industrial centers of the state. It has the largest road network in India with a total length of 267,452 km. Under the provisions of state budget 2021 2022 key connectivity projects are initiated in Maharashtra like Pune Nashik medium High speed railway, Nashik neometro project, Thane metrolite, and Pimpri Chhindwara to Nigdi corridor project.
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